I know about microprocessor-based computers, but I haven't been able to find anyone who speaks computer jargon who knows about the architecture of the Renault ECU, only people who speak Renault jargon. Tell me if I'm wrong but this is what I've concluded from what they've said.
In a re-programmable ROM in the ECU there is a standard factory programmed "map" of the amount of ignition advance and the amount of fuel to inject according to what the rpms are that's the same for every car of that model. The programmed fuel map gets copied into working "cells" when the ECU is powered up. Whats in the cells is retained whilever the battery is connected, like from day to day use, but lost if the battery is disconnected for any time. Renault can read the values in the cells to see if the engine seems to running OK, and they can write new values into them. But they can't change the programmed map. And if you or they disconnect the battery the cells get set back to the programmed map.
The ECU is closed loop. Ie, it has the oxygen sensor, in fact two of them, in the exhaust, The feedback from the oxygen sensor in the exhaust modifies what's in the cells up or down by a bit to allow for the engine breathing a bit better or worse than the programmed map expects. That's to allow for slightly better and worse engines, hotter and colder days, higher and lower barometric pressure, and higher and lower altitudes. That results in it also being able to cope with minor engine modifications that improve the breathing, like a better intake or exhaust. A few horsepower in each direction. But all it does it keep the AFR in the range Renault chose for low pollution at low engine revs, and power with reasonable pollution at higher revs.
A proper re-mapped ECU can start with a different default fuel map, one that reflects a significantly changed engine, and it can contain a different ignition map that produces more horsepower, and it can tell the ECU to seek an AFR that produces more power.
It occurs to me that an easy way to get a few more horsepower would be to intercept the signal from the oxygen sensor and modify it to the value that indicated the engine was running leaner than it really was, so that the ECU pumped a bit more fuel in. Enough for the AFR ratio to be the optimum for power rather than a compromise between power and emissions.
Tell me if I'm wrong. I'd really like to know.